A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning

group B genus Cereus is an aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium causing toxin-mediated sustenance drunkenness. Optimum temperature for its emersion is 30-37C. However, it can alike place upright a considerable cathode-ray oscilloscope of temperature some strains can grow up to 55C while others can grow at temperatures as hapless as 4 to 5C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Many strains from dairy farm proceedss atomic number 18 able to thrive at lower temperatures. The minimum pH requirement for growth is 4. 3, while maximum pH is around 9. 3.This bacterial population grows best in the presence of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Nevertheless, since this species is facultative anaerobic it besides grows well in anaerobic thoughtfulnesss (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Toxin labor has been found to be much lower under anaerobic conditions. vitamin B genus Cereus is a spore-forming micro-organism which occurs naturally in most pabulums. It pillowcases two variant and distinct forms of food poisoning an puke illness and a diarrhoeic illness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). sheath B genus Cereus causes food-borne emetic illness by producing a highly stable toxin that survives high temperatures and exposure to trypsin, pepsin and pH extremes. barn genus Cereus levels in foods associated with emetic form of food poisoning watch ranged from 1,000 to 50 billion colony-forming units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High numbers racket of bacterial population bear been also detected in fecal samples from affected persons. Diarrhoeal illness is mediated by a heat- and acid-labile enterotoxin produced during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine (Granum, 1994).Four different enterotoxins have been characterized. two be protein complexes such(prenominal) as non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins such as enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotoxin K (Lund, DeBuyser & Granum, 2000). The occurrence of the diarrheal- quality syndrome has been largely key outed in the US and Europe, where the affection has been greatly associated with foods such as meat, vegetable, poultry, desserts and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979).Prevalence of the cat type syndrome has been reported in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne poisoning is comm unaccompanied associated with the utilisation of cooked fried rice (Mor timer and McCann, 1974). Serotyping studies conducted by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) showed that strains from incidents of food poisoning in US and Europe characterised by a longer incubation termination and with diarrhoea as the main symptom have provided serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, whereas those which caused the rice-associated emetic illness in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5. group B cereus food poisoning is mostly associated with rice dishes, and s poradically with other food stuffs such as meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy products, sauces, soups and sweet pastries. boron cereus food-borne poisoning is also associated with pudding, cream, spices, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. Bacterial contamination of the food product by the large occurs prior to cooking. Even after cooking the microbial population thrives because vegetative forms can grow over a wide range of temperatures from 25C to 42C and are also capable of producing endotoxins.Endospores have the ability to survive extremely high and low temperatures. When they are allowed to cool fairly gradually, they once again begin to uprise and reckon. Spores are highly resistant to dry heat than moist heat. vomitive toxins are also extremely resistant to heat. They can survive 90 min at 126C, while diarrhoeal toxins are inactivated at 56C in 5 min. Clinical Description vitamin B complex cereus is widely known as the etiological agent of food-borne poisoning, cau sing both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases.Both diarrhoea and nauseant can be clearly marvelous by their clinical features. Diarrhoea is provoked by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is caused by a heat-stable depsipeptide toxin called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker & Scherer, 2004). The clinical syndromes associated with the diarrhoeal form of illness are longer incubation some 6 to 24 hours period, very fallible diarrhoea (similar to that of C. perfringens), presence of moderate to yucky abdominal cramps, nausea and emetic in some patients, succession of illness ranges from a minimum of 20 hours to a maximum of 36 hours.Clinical features associated with the emetic form of illness are shorter incubation period of about 1 to 6 hours, presence of vomiting and abdominal cramps diarrhoea is not severe and is present in solitary(prenominal) about a third of affected individuals (similar to poisoning by S. aureus), duration of sickness ranges from 8 to 10 hours . In both types of syndromes, fever is special and disease is usually docile. boron cereus also can cause other diseases such as local skin and wound infections, opthalmic infections, fulminant liver failure.Invasive disease, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, and meningitis are also caused by Bacillus cereus. Ocular involvement includes panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Apart, it can bring about other infections namely, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, in addition to brain and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is a antiquated cause of endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) reported in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use (IVDU), and in patient with leukaemia.solid food Poisoning by other Bacillus species Toxic food poisoning is not only caused by Bacillus cereus, several other Bacillus species have also been implicated in food poisoning incidents. The most important species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These organisms are capable of producing an extremely heat-stable toxin which seems very similar to the emetic type produced by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are widely associated with food products like meat, vegetable, flour, pastry, sausage rolls, meat pies and pastries, curries and various ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry.Bacillus subtilis is associated mainly with meat, vegetables in pastry, poultry products, and once in a while with bakery items such as bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or seafood dishes. viands poisoning syndrome associated with B. subtilis causes acute onset nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps, incubation range is 2-5 hours, often with diarrhoea. Poisoning due to B. licheniformis shows the hobby symptoms diarrhoea is more special K than vomiting, incubation period is about 8 hours. Another species which was isolated in high numbers from rice associated with a food poisoning clap was B.pumilus. Symptoms were consistent with those similar for food poisoning by other Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. perfringens food poisoning produces a heat-labile toxin which caused predominantly lower gastrointestinal ( diarrhoetic) disease about 12 hours after ingestion much similar to the diarrheal type syndrome caused by B. cereus. Case Studies In August 2003, five children of a Belgian family became sick after eat pasta salad. The pasta salad active on a Friday was taken to picnic on Saturday. The leftovers had been stored in the refrigerator.The following Monday evening the pasta was served for supper to the children. Since the pasta had an unusual odour three children (aged 14, 10 and 9) did not eat much, they ate very little quantities. After 6 hours the youngest child (aged 7) started vomiting and complained of respiratory distress. She was immediately rushed to the hospital. Upon arrival at the hospital the other 3 children also felt nauseous and started vomiting. The condition of all the children began to worsen hence they were transported to the University Hospital in Leuven.However, during transfer, the child (aged 7) had severe pulmonary haemorrhage, quickly followed by coma, diffuse bleeding, and severe muscle cramps. She died at bottom 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the intake of pasta. Autopsy report revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 children were kept under treatment for 8 days and they gradually recovered(p) (Dierick et al. 2005). This case elucidated the probable severity of the emetic illness, also stressing on the importance of sufficient refrigeration of cooked food. Some B.cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the maximum emetic toxin labor between 12 and 15C. In the present case, the temperature of the refrigerator where the pasta salad was stored was 14C. This probably allowed B. cereus strains to multiply quickly to attain a count of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days along with a very high toxin production (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne poisoning was reported in a military tenting in Jurong, Singapore. This food poisoning outbreak involved 19 armament personnel who became unwell after breakfast.All these army personnel had been served fried rice by a food stall in a civilian canteen. The illness was characterized by vomiting (89. 5%), abdominal cramps (52. 6%), diarrhoea (47. 4%), headache (47. 4%) and fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). The incubation time extended from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was detected in the vomitus of the affected soldiers (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). This makes it clear that Bacillus cereus is a fast agent for the food borne poisoning resulting in emetic and diarrhoeal illness. This species contaminates food products, especially cooked rice and refrigerated products.It is therefore requisite to follow proper cooking and refriger ation methods. Proper cooking and repositing of foods, especially rice cooked for later use, will facilitate to thwart food borne epidemics. For the most part B. cereus food borne outbreak is an outcome of eating cooked foods which are cooled slowly and stored the wrong way. Generally food should be stored at temperatures higher than 60C or quickly chilled to less than 10C immediately after cooking. Bibliography Dierick, K. , Coillie, E. V. , Swiecicka, I. , Meyfroidt, G. , Devlieger, H. , Meulemans, A. , Hoedemaekers, G., Fourie, L. , Heyndrickx, M. & Mahillon, J. (2005). Fatal Family Outbreak of Bacillus cereus-Associated Food Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2005, 43(8), pp. 42774279. Drobniewski, F. A. (1993) Bacillus Cereus and related species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 6(4), pp. 324-38. Ehling-Schulz, M. , Fricker, M. & Scherer, S. (2004). Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48, pp. 479487. Fowler, V. G . Jr. , Miro, J. M. , Hoen, B. , Cabell, C. H. , Abrutyn, E. , Rubinstein, E. , Corey, G. R. , Spelman, D. , Bradley, S.F. , Barsic, B. , Pappas, P. A. , Anstrom, K. J. , Wray, D. , Fortes, C. Q. , Anguera, I. , Athan, E. , Jones, P. , Meer, J. T. van der, Elliott, T. S. , Levine, D. P. & Bayer, A. S. (2005) staphylococcus aureus endocarditis a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005 Jun 22. 293(24), pp. 3012-21. Giannella, R. A. and Brasile, L. A. (1979). Hospital foodborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus. Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological studies. J Infect Dis. 139, pp. 366 370. Granum, P. E. (1994). Bacillus cereus and its toxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Suppl.23, pp. 61S66S. Kramer, J. M. & Gilbert, R. J. (1989) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. 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